JAPAN.INF Version 1.1 ELECTRONIC TRANSFER OF JAPANESE August 19, 1991 Ken R. Lunde (小林 剣) Adobe Systems Incorporated 1585 Charleston Road P.O. Box 7900 Mountain View, CA 94039-7900 (415)361-1702 (home) (415)962-3866 (office) (415)960-0886 (fax) lunde@adobe.com This article is a description of how to send and receive *real* Japanese text (i.e., kana and kanji) using electronic mail. I am absolutely delighted to share this information with others, and I would appreciate any comments on its content. Since some of the information contained within changes on a monthly, even weekly basis, I keep the current copy in electronic form. The current version of this article will be made available at two places: by anonymous FTP at ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) in the pub/JIS directory under the name japan.inf; and by contacting me directly through electronic mail to request a copy -- my electronic mail address is given above. TABLE OF CONTENTS: WHAT'S NEW INTRODUCTION PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE PART 5: CONVERSION OF JAPANESE CODES PART 6: JAPANESE E-MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES PART 7: ACTIVE JUNET DOMAINS PART 8: JUNET NEWS PART 9: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS A FINAL NOTE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS WHAT'S NEW This version has added material under the UNIX and NeXT sections in PART 9. I have also added a paragraph in PART 6 which describes how to access NiftyServe from within CompuServe. In addition, the entire document, in general, was completely updated. Also new is the fact that as of July 1, 1991 I have been working at Adobe Systems Incorporated in the area of Japanese font production. Although I list my address here at Adobe Systems for contact purposes, Adobe Systems does not endorse this file which I have created, and have continued (and will continue) to update on a regular basis. This file is a personal endeavor to inform people of how Japanese can be handled on a variety of platforms. INTRODUCTION Electronic mail has become a very efficient means of communicating both locally and world-wide. While it is very simple to send text which uses only the 94 printable ASCII characters, character sets which contains more than these ASCII characters pose special problems. In this article, I will describe how Japanese characters can be sent using electronic mail. This report contains actual Japanese text throughout, so don't be alarmed if strange sequences of ASCII characters appear. All Japanese contained in this file is in the New-JIS code. PART 0: THE JAPANESE CHARACTER SET The Japanese character set as specified in the document JIS X 0208-1990 (see Bibliography) currently includes 6,879 standard characters; 6,355 kanji in 2 levels (level 1: 2,965 kanji arranged by ON reading (the Chinese-based pronunciation); level 2: 3,390 kanji arranged by radical), 86 katakana, 83 hiragana, 10 numerals, 52 English characters, 147 symbols, 66 Russian characters, 48 Greek characters, and 32 line elements (for making charts). This standard was first established in 1978, modified for the first time in 1983 (4 kanji were appended to JIS level 2), and just modified again in 1990 (2 kanji were appended to JIS level 2). This character set is widely implemented on a variety of machines. Encoding methods for JIS X 0208-1990 include Shift-JIS, EUC, and JIS. Late in 1990 a new Japanese standard called JIS X 0212-1990 was published by Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) which specified an additional 5,801 kanji plus 21 symbols/diacritical marks and 245 Latin-based characters with diacritical marks. This means that there are now 12,156 standard kanji in Japanese. A future version of JAPAN.INF will go more into detail about the encoding methods for JIS X 0212-1990 (i.e., how it will be implemented, and when). PART 1: 7-BIT JAPANESE CODES All of these 7-bit codes share a common character coding system, but their kanji-in (KI) and kanji-out (KO) escape sequences differ. We can use these in the United States, and are the most commonly used in Japan. The names in the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., New-JIS is also called JIS). The most common of these codes is New-JIS. EXAMPLES: New-JIS (JIS) Old-JIS NEC-JIS (NEC Kanji and NEC Code) The following is a table listing the kanji-in and kanji-out escape sequences for each of the three codes listed above (note the two types of kanji-out). KI KO (JIS-Roman) KO (ASCII) ^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ New-JIS (1983) $B (J (B Old-JIS (1978) $@ (J (B NEC-JIS (1978) K H n/a The difference between KO (JIS-Roman) and KO (ASCII) is very minor, and lies in only two characters. Their 8-bit extension do differ greatly, though. The 8-bit extension of the JIS-Roman character set contains half-size katakana. Also, most terminal software can emulate only one of the KO character sets no matter which one it receives. For example, NinjaTerm (to be described in PART 9) only emulates KO-ASCII. The difference between New-JIS and Old-JIS is minor. The reason for the existence of these two codes is due to the introduction of JOUYOU kanji (常用 漢字) in 1981. Previous to this, the standard in education were the 1850 kanji in TOUYOU kanji (当用漢字); JOUYOU kanji added an additional 95 kanji to TOUYOU kanji bringing the total to 1945. The JIS standard contains two levels of kanji, and the folks at JIS wanted to be sure that all JOUYOU kanji were included in the first level. So, in 1983, a new JIS standard was released. The people at JIS simply juggled positions of old and new forms of kanji (JIS level 1 contains the common forms of kanji, and their respective older forms are located in JIS level 2), and added 4 additional kanji to the second level. In 1990, the JIS standard was again modified due to the addition of 118 kanji to the JINMEI-YOU kanji (人名用漢字) list -- 2 of these 118 kanji were not found in the JIS standard, so they were appended to the end of JIS Level 2 kanji. The character set used for NEC-JIS is identical to that of Old-JIS -- they only differ in their escape sequences. There are two types of New-JIS; one based on the 1983 standard, and one based on the 1990 standard. The only difference between them is that the 1990 standard includes 2 additional kanji appended to JIS level 2. For all practical purposes they can be treated as the same. The KI escape sequence tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as two-bytes per character. KO, on the other hand, tells Japanese terminals to treat what follows as one-byte per character (back to JIS-Roman or ASCII). A two-byte per character coding system using 7-bit bytes (ASCII) can encode up to 16,384 characters (128 by 128); however, the Japanese only use the 94 printable ASCII codes in their matrix, so it can only encode a maximum of 8,836 characters (94 by 94). Japanese text is represented as follows. A romanized version is given so that those who cannot view Japanese text can benefit, too. Japanese Text: これは日本語の文章です。 (Romanized): KO RE HA NI HON GO NO BUN SHOU DE SU . Raw Code (NO ESCAPE CODES) $3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!# New-JIS: $B$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#(J Old-JIS: $@$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#(J NEC-JIS: K$3$l$OF|K\8l$NJ8>O$G$9!#H Note the correspondence between the ASCII characters and Japanese characters, namely that two ASCII characters represent one Japanese character; hence, Japanese characters consist of two bytes. For example, the hiragana symbol for "RE" (れ) is represented by the two ASCII characters "$" and "l." The following paragraph is a sample Japanese text in the New-JIS Japanese code. If you are using a Japanese terminal, then you can view this Japanese text on-line using the procedures found in later sections of this report. New-JIS: (kanji-in: "$B"; kanji-out: "(J") 　日本語の一文字を7ビットx2バイトのコードで表現する方法には新JIS、旧JIS、 日電漢字等の三種類があります。これらのコードを用いた文章では日本語の前後 に漢字イン、漢字アウトという二つのエスケープ・シーケンスを使用することに より、その中が日本語であることを示します。 The following table lists the code specifications for the 7-bit codes and their respective escape sequences. This information is most useful to programmers. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL first byte 033-126 041-176 21-7E second byte 033-126 041-176 21-7E New-JIS (1983): kanji-in 027 + 036 + 066 033 + 044 + 102 1B + 24 + 42 kanji-out 027 + 040 + 074 033 + 050 + 112 1B + 28 + 4A Old-JIS (1978): kanji-in 027 + 036 + 064 033 + 044 + 100 1B + 24 + 40 kanji-out 027 + 040 + 074 033 + 050 + 112 1B + 28 + 4A NEC-JIS: kanji-in 027 + 075 033 + 113 1B + 4B kanji-out 027 + 072 033 + 110 1B + 48 PART 2: 8-BIT JAPANESE CODES These codes cannot be used reliably through electronic mail networks since 7-bit paths will strip off the 8th bit leaving garbage. These codes are used primarily for internal processing of Japanese. For example, the Japanese system software for the Macintosh uses Shift-JIS code internally. The names in the parentheses below are other names for the same code (i.e., Shift-JIS is also called MS KANJI). EXAMPLES: Shift-JIS (MS KANJI) EUC (AT&T JIS) Shift-JIS: The Shift-JIS implementation is quite unlike that of the 7-bit code as described above. The two-byte-per-character mode is initiated when a Japanese terminal receives a character with a decimal value ranging between 129-159 or 224-239. This character will subsequently be treated as the first byte of an expected two-byte sequence. The following character (the second byte) must be a character with a decimal value ranging between 64-158 (but not 127 -- the DEL character) or 159-252. Note that the first byte's range falls entirely in the extended ASCII character set -- true 8-bit characters. The second byte does not share the same limitation, though. Note that Shift-JIS includes half- size katakana. Historically, this is how Shift-JIS got its name: the encoding for 2-byte kanji had to *shift* around the code positions for half-size katakana -- the half-size katakana existed first. The following table lists the code specifications for Shift-JIS. Note that all five types together make up Shift-JIS. This information is most useful to programmers. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL TYPE 1: first byte 129-159 201-237 81-9F second byte 064-158 (not 127) 100-236 (not 177) 40-9E (not 7F) TYPE 2: first byte 224-239 340-357 E0-EF second byte 064-158 (not 127) 100-236 (not 177) 40-9E (not 7F) TYPE 3: first byte 129-159 201-237 81-9F second byte 159-252 237-374 9F-FC TYPE 4: first byte 224-239 340-357 E0-EF second byte 159-252 237-374 9F-FC Half-size katakana: first byte 161-223 241-337 A1-DF The following is a sample Japanese text in Shift-JIS code which has been uuencoded (so that it does not get corrupted on the nets). You can view this Japanese text by copying it, then uudecoding it. begin 0700 "jis.sjs" MhbbapioZEGNlZHklBnJuMHZz@O`W@WjcxHmG>cjc{Xmc@V>bShmr@uNczhke MEuRlNXjW@NFu^Yy`@LFbSyavrDEs@tfkCdIitXeacr`@D_JsyhJ_CIJsFxkl MCD^n[y?>@JJbHhkH@MRbMXeb@KfbZHkG@LRctHe{@VBb\i}P@JjbOyvVC\Vb MQxkmD_Jv>XSJ@LRqsXSCcr`@@LFjOXZz@TncDXeaBK^nFHma@TvcyXkf@Jjb MIioQ@LjbShmg@UBcthe{@Wzaqxmv@uNcthns@UBb\hYGEWbbMXkI@KfbQHki Mcr`@@NzbZhea@KNbSijf@JJs^Iy[CnJbQxj@@NFbLxkf@ObnIHjU@MRbMXeb ` end EUC (Extended UNIX Code): EUC consists of 4 code sets, the primary code set (code set 0) which is the ASCII 7-bit character set, and 3 supplementary code sets (code sets 1, 2, and 3) which can be specified by the user, and are usually used for non- English characters. The following table lists the code specifications for code set 1 of EUC. This information is most useful to programmers. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL first byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE second byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE Code set 2 is used for half-size katakana, and code set 3 is used for GAIJI (外字 = external characters). Below are the code specifications for code sets 2 and 3; note that code set 3 uses three bytes per character. DECIMAL OCTAL HEXADECIMAL Half-size katakana: first byte 142 216 8E second byte 161-223 241-337 A1-DF GAIJI: first byte 143 217 8F second byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE third byte 161-254 241-376 A1-FE There will be no further discussion of the 8-bit Japanese codes. The important thing is that they exist, and can be manipulated electronically. The following is a sample Japanese text in EUC code which has been uuencoded (so that it does not get corrupted on the nets). You can view this Japanese text by copying the entire text, and uudecoding it. begin 0700 "jis.euc" MhbbAH|{\R]RX[jsnLnSjNkOZIohWI}nEPZwh>cjETjvDI|BDSJvSH{RERzsg MR{VXOzrYInOj_|NAIlNDS[^WrDEsHzjU[dIitZfBcr`@QOSeQ{saN_Ke^zsn MN[b\[\[@IjRDHJsJImZDNzfCIknD[jsIIlZELZf\I|FD\LWqIjrDO\JXOL^D MQZsoQOSkWkCLIl[aLkCEcr`@IlNTP{OZIzrE\ZfBMlf[^JvBIzzERjshIjrD MIL{SIlrDSJvHI{FELzf\I}>AIJvWH{RELzwSI{FD\KOhS}fDNzsKIknDRjsk Mcr`@InBDZJfBIkVDSLoFIjSf_lO|NnRDQZrBInNDLZshIoj\JjrWImZDNzfC ` end PART 3: SENDING JAPANESE There are different environments under which one can send Japanese text from their computer to a mainframe computer for transmission through electronic mail. Many of these environments are specific to particular types of mainframe computers or electronic services. PART 3.1: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX I have some experience in sending Japanese from UNIX mainframe computers. One method I know of is to upload the Japanese file using a standard file transfer protocol (like XModem or Kermit), then send it as an electronic mail message. The file's kanji code can be converted to New- or Old-JIS either before sending to the UNIX mainframe, or after it is there. One can also create Japanese text on-line if the user has such software. PART 3.2: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER VMS VMS Vax machines can use a program which is executed with the command KANJI at the system prompt ($). This program simply allows the unprintable ASCII control character (escape) to be accepted by VMS Vax machines. The output of the program is a file which is called OUTPUT.DAT. I can supply the code to users of VMS Vax machines upon request. STEP 1: $ [KANJI] (opens VMS Vax for Japanese input) STEP 2: (transfer text from paste buffer or from disc file) STEP 3: [.] (exits 'KANJI' and creates file OUTPUT.DAT) STEP 4: $ [EMAIL] (enters electronic mail system) STEP 5: EMail> [SEND OUTPUT.DAT] To: [address] Subject: [header] (file named OUTPUT.DAT is sent to the addressee) Another method is to use the Kermit file transfer protocol to transfer the file to the VMS mainframe. Japanese code conversion programs can subsequently convert the file's code to one which is more suitable for transmission by electronic mail. These programs, which can run on a mainframe or personal computer, are described in PART 5. PART 3.3: SENDING JAPANESE UNDER COMPUSERVE CompuServe users can use an option in the MAIL system which allows one to upload a file from their personal computer to be sent as an electronic mail message. Since one cannot run their own programs on CompuServe, the user must convert their Japanese file to New-JIS (or Old-JIS) before transferring the file to CompuServe. Note that the Japanese text won't appear properly in the editor, but is readable if sent -- try to send Japanese text to yourself as an experiment. One can also upload a file to the PER area (personal file area for storing textfiles). Note that CompuServe users can send electronic mail to Internet addresses, and Internet users can send electronic mail to CompuServe addresses. CompuServe users must use the following template for sending to an Internet address: Internet address: lunde@adobe.com Addressing template on CompuServe: >INTERNET:lunde@adobe.com Internet users must use the following template for sending to a CompuServe address: CompuServe user ID: 00000,0000 Addressing template on the Internet: 00000.0000@compuserve.com Note the use of the comma in the CompuServe user ID, and the use of the period in the Internet address. Be aware that the maximum file size which CompuServe users can receive is 50K. If you send anything larger, it must be segmented. The following does not pertain to CompuServe, but may still be useful information. AppleLink, another electronic service, has special email addressing requirements. For example, if someone on the Internet wishes to send email to someone on Applelink, the following pattern is used: Applelink user ID: username Addressing template on the Internet: username@applelink.apple.com The reverse pattern is as follows: Internet address: lunde@adobe.com Addressing template on AppleLink: lunde@adobe.com@INTERNET# Note that "INTERNET#" must be in all caps, and that two @'s are used in the addressing template. Be aware that AppleLink users cannot receive files more than 32K in size, and such files should be segmented before sending. PART 4: RECEIVING JAPANESE Receiving Japanese text is a bit easier than sending it as you will find out below. Whether Japanese text will be displayed on-line depends on whether you computer and/or communication software has the ability to display Japanese. The mainframe computer simply stores the electronic codes, and your computer acting as a terminal will interpret them accordingly. PART 4.1: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER VMS There are two methods for viewing Japanese text on VMS mainframe computers: the first method allows one to view Japanese while in the EMail subprogram; the second method allows one to view Japanese at the system prompt. METHOD 1: STEP 1: open message containing Japanese (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage) STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT tt:] (converts message to textfile format and prints it on the screen) (Japanese text will now appear on-line) METHOD 2: STEP 1: open message containing Japanese (only ASCII characters can appear at this stage) STEP 2: EMail> [EXTRACT filename] (converts message to textfile format) STEP 3: EMail> [EXIT] (exits electronic mail system) STEP 4: $ [TYPE filename.TXT] (Japanese text will appear on-line) The reason for this elaborate scheme is due to the VMS Vax mail sub- system's feature which does not permit control characters (like ) to perform their function; they are there, but only appear as a white space. Once the message is in textfile format, the control characters can function properly. PART 4.2: RECEIVING JAPANESE UNDER UNIX/COMPUSERVE CompuServe and the UNIX mail system allows escape characters to function properly, so these users can read Japanese text on-line just like normal English text as long as their terminal allows Japanese to be displayed. For those who must view Japanese text off-line due to hardware/software limitations, then some sort of file transfer protocol (XModem or Kermit) must be used to get the file to where it can be viewed. If your viewer requires the file to be in Shift-JIS format, then the programs which are described in the following part will become important. Step 4 in the above scheme should be ignored, and is replaced with the downloading of the file to your computer. CompuServe users will need to save the message as a file in their PER area, then download it to their computer. PART 5: CONVERSION OF JAPANESE CODES I have written a program in both C and Pascal which allows a user to change the Japanese codes within a textfile. They can handle Shift-JIS and EUC (both 8-bit Japanese codes), and all three 7-bit Japanese codes (New-JIS, Old- JIS, and NEC-JIS). There are two Pascal versions of the program available: one for compilation on MS-DOS machines (Turbo Pascal), and another for compilation on VMS Vax machines (Vax Pascal). The source code along with a help file is available for downloading from the following anonymous FTP site: ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/PASCAL directory) jis.pas <- source code for Vax Pascal jis_pc.pas <- source code for Turbo Pascal jis.hlp <- help file I find this program to be a very useful tool. It was a standard piece of software running on the WIRCS cluster (VMS) at this university, but now the C version is being used. I have provided the source code so that other programmers may benefit from the algorithms to convert between the various Japanese codes. The Pascal version of this program has not been modified for over a year-and-a-half. This program has been recently rewritten in ANSI C, and should compile with no changes on any C compiler as long as it complies with the ANSI C standard. My intent is to make this program very portable across various platforms. I have also made significant changes in this version: improved error checking, the ability to automatically detect the input file's kanji code, selective conversion of half-size katakana to their full-size equivalents, and command-line argument support. The most current version as of this writing is JIS.C V2.1. This program is available at the same FTP site as the Pascal versions (above). ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/C directory) jis.c <- source code for ANSI C compilers (instructions in header) If you have problems obtaining these programs, please feel free to contact me directly for a copy. I will be constantly upgrading the C version (jis.c), so simply check the FTP site periodically to see if a newer version is there (check the date posted column), or ask me directly. I was made aware of a program written by Mr. Itaru Ichikawa of Fujitsu (ichikawa%flab.fujitsu.co.jp@uunet.uu.net) called NKF (Network Kanji Filter). This program is very similar to the above programs, and is written in C. It was written to run under UNIX, but I also heard that an MS-DOS port of the program exists. I have obtained a copy of this program, and I have put a copy of it in the same directory as my jis.c program. ucdavis.edu (128.120.2.1) (in the pub/JIS/C directory) nkf.src <- source code for NKF nkf.patch <- patch for NKF For those who wish to convert Japanese files on the Macintosh, there are three programs available, each of which can be requested by email through me. One is called MacKc 0.93. It is an application written by Mr. Masato Hirose (hirose%sws.cpd.mei.co.jp@uunet.uu.net), and is available at the FTP site given below. MacKc 0.93 is much like ASL KConvert (below), but it can * automatically* detect the input file's Japanese code (it supports Shift-JIS, EUC, 2 types of New-JIS, and 2 types of Old-JIS), and allows one to rename the output file. It has many other nice features built-in. It also allows one to modify how lines break. Unlike ASL KConvert, it uses a Finder-like interface. This program is FreeWare. The second is called ASL KConvert 1.0/a3 (in both application and desk accessory (DA) form). This program was written by Mr. Hiroo Yamada (76414.372@compuserve.com), and is available at FTP at the site given below. The file must be debinhexed and unstuffed. It handles New-JIS (does not recognize (B, though), Old-JIS (two types), Shift-JIS, EUC, and another code called DEC. This program also allows one to change how lines break, namely by carriage return, line feed, or a combination of both. This program is FreeWare. The third is a Macintosh port of my JIS.C program described above. This program, of course, is FreeWare, and includes the source code. Please write to me to request a copy. PART 6: JAPANESE ELECTRONIC MAIL NETWORKS AND ADDRESSING TEMPLATES There are two electronic mail networks which are used in Japan: JUNET (Japan UNIX Network) and BITNET (also called CREN). JUNET addresses are rather complicated, and will differ depending on whether the address is a corporation or not. Here is a typical Japanese address as used in Japan: tomita@keio.ac.jp Since this address is for an academic institution (ac), it will use the following addressing template (note the use of % and @): tomita%keio.ac.jp@relay.cs.net An address such as tomita@canon.co.jp is a corporation, so its addressing template is as follows (again, note the use of % and @): tomita%canon.co.jp@uunet.uu.net The rule of thumb is that you should use the ...%...@uunet.uu.net addressing template when sending to a corporation, but otherwise you should use ...%...@relay.cs.net. The use of % and @ indicates use of relays. NOTE: It is no longer necessary to use relays (relay.cs.net or uunet.uu.net) to get electronic mail from the United States to Japan. You may, however, notice that encoded Japanese text will become scrambled if the relay is omitted from the address. I think this is caused by the mail somehow getting onto Bitnet along the way, and then the escape characters are removed. In any case, if you experience problems with sending Japanese text without using a relay in the address, you will find that using the relay should solve the problem. There are currently 93 BITNET nodes in Japan. Besides JUNET and the now developing Japanese Internet (WIDE), there is still an increasing demand for membership in BITNET. I have experienced problems when sending or receiving Japanese text to BITNET addresses. Sending to JUNET addresses is much more reliable. The problem with BITNET lies in the fact that those unprintable ASCII escape characters are removed far too often. I have, however, found out that escape codes do survive when sent as network files (network files are not considered to be electronic mail messages since there is no header; it is simply sending a file from site to site by electronic means). To send a Japanese network file to a bitnet host, use the following format: SEND/FILE/BINARY/TRANSLATE/PRINTER filename address /PRINTER is usually required when sending files whose lines are longer than 80 characters. Escape sequences add data to a line although they are invisible when printed; lines may wrap at unexpected places if this part is omitted from the command. I have noticed that BITNET seems to handle 8-bit codes in electronic mail messages much better than Internet (or JUNET) does. One simply needs to experiment with the site they wish to contact. BITNET addresses are the same as in the US, namely that the following addressing template can be used: username@JPN***** Note that Japanese BITNET sites begin with the three letters JPN. SEE APPENDIX 1 FOR BITNET NODES IN JAPAN Although there is no direct way to send email from the Internet to NiftyServe, a very popular Japanese Bulletin Board Service (BBS), there exists a gateway between NiftyServe and CompuServe. CompuServe users can enter GO NIFTY at any ! prompt to connect to NiftyServe. There are several things to note before doing this: 1) CompuServe charges about $12 per hour on-line costs -- accessing NiftyServe through this gateway, I am told, increases the charge to about $35 per hour; and 2) CompuServe requires 7E1 for communications settings -- NiftyServe requires 8N1 -- this means one must be able to change their communications settings while still connected. I hope to include more such information on accessing Japanese electronic services in future versions of JAPAN.INF. PART 7: ACTIVE JUNET DOMAINS JUNET is by far the most active electronic mail network in Japan. There are 5 domains within JUNET: AC, GO, OR, AD, and CO. These correspond to Academic Institution (AC), Government (GO), Organization (OR), Administration (AD), and Corporation (CO), respectively. The basic addressing method works like described in Part 6, but each domain must be specified within the address. For example, "hokudai", which is in the AC domain, is addressed as "hokudai.ac.jp". The JP domain, which is JUNET itself, is much simpler; for example, "ntt" would be "ntt.jp". SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR JUNET DOMAINS PART 8: JUNET NEWS JUNET News is the Japanese equivalent to the Usenet NEWS. Each newsgroup name is prefixed with fj, which means "From Japan." JUNET News is an information service which contains many newsgroups. It acts much like a bulletin board in Japan, but is distributed in the United States using electronic mail (not all newsgroups are available in this electronic mail distribution, though). The articles posted to JUNET News are in Japanese, and are in either Old-JIS or New-JIS code. To subscribe to the JUNET News mailing list, simply send a request to Mr. Hisao Nojima at nojima%nttlab.ntt.jp@relay.cs.net or to Stanford University at junet-news-request@russell.stanford.edu. You will then receive a *grab bag* of articles from a limited list of newsgroup. If you only wish to receive a select few newsgroups, please send a request to Jason Molenda at molenda@s1.msi.umn.edu instead. Please do not ask Jason Molenda to send you several newsgroups as this will clog the mailers -- I am currently receiving only fj.sys.mac and fj.lang.postscript from him. The following is information about receiving JUNET News articles (written by Jason Molenda): 1) With rrn (remote rn), you can read the newsgroups from my systems via NNTP (Network News Transmission Protocol or some such thing) right on our system. This is usually the easiest way; any user can do it, you don't need root-access on your system to set this up. There are also remote news readers that use GNU Emacs. There are also remote news readers for just about any computer in the known Universe out there; Mac, VAX, I think even PC's. 2) Physically telnet into the NNTP port and interact with the nntp daemon directly. This can be done but it's not very fun.... A sample session would look like group fj.general article next article group fj.kanji etc. It's all pretty gross; not really meant for humans to do. I wouldn't recommend it unless you're desperate. 3) Get a newsfeed of the fj.* newsgroups. This is by far the easiest from my point of view. Although there are about 150 or so fj.* newsgroups, the volume is pretty low (compared to comp and rec), so if you're not the news admin at your site, it may be easy to convince him/her to set up the newsfeed for them. Then you would be able to read the newsgroups locally on your own machine and post messages, etc. 4) I can also have my news system mail you the articles fairly painlessly. This isn't too great because you'll end up with 200-300 articles per day in your mailbox. SEE APPENDIX 3 FOR JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS PART 9: HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS The basic necessity for sending and receiving Japanese text using electronic mail is a Japanese terminal. A mainframe computer itself does not give you the ability to display Japanese text, but only stores the raw code along with its escape sequences. Below are some suggestions for obtaining a Japanese terminal. I am sure there are others, and I will include them once I find them. GENERAL MAINFRAMES There is an interesting piece of software called KanjiBanner with which one can display Japanese on any terminal, if your mainframe host computer has the file called k14.bdf or k16.bdf installed. The author's name is Koichi Yasuoka (安岡孝一), and his email address is yasuoka%kudpc.kyoto- u.ac.jp@relay.cs.net. I have not tried this program, though. NeXT The following is a message from Mr. Izumi Ohzawa directed toward NeXT users: --- BEGIN --- Dear NeXT users -- who use Japanese at work who are studying or learning Japanese who teach Japanese who are native Japanese working/studying abroad, and internationally-minded NeXT developers who want to plan ahead product development for Japanese, Chinese, and Korean markets. I have volunteered to set up a mailing list "next-nihongo" to exchange information and ideas on using Japanese on the NeXT computer. If you wish to be added to, or removed from this mailing list, send e- mail to: "next-nihongo-request@pinoko.berkeley.edu". If you wish to send mails to *everyone* on the mailing list, send e-mail to: "next-nihongo@pinoko.berkeley.edu". [Please, please, DO NOT send requests to the mailing-list manager, namely "next-nihongo."] The installed user base of the NeXT computer is still quite small, and the number of users who are interested in using Japanese on NeXT is even smaller. I am hoping that this list will help us at the initial stage of the development of the NeXT user community. Additionally, we should be able to lobby NeXT and Canon (the NeXT distributor for Asia) so that they provide us with the Japanese version of the NeXT OS at a reasonable cost outside of Japan as soon as possible. The Japanese version of the NeXT OS (2.1J) apparently started shipping in Japan just a few weeks ago (July 91). Although I have not played with it myself, it appears to offer the best Japanese language environment of all workstation-class computers. The educational price of the NeXT even compares favorably with Macs when the cost of Kanji PostScript printer is included (and if the OS is offered at a reasonable price). --- Izumi Ohzawa [ 大澤五住 ] USMail: University of California, 360 Minor Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 Telephone: (415) 642-6440 Fax: (415) 642-3323 Standard mail: izumi@violet.berkeley.edu NeXTmail: izumi@pinoko.berkeley.edu --- END --- UNIX For those of you who are using UNIX, there are options open for you, too. kterm is used by UNIX, and works under the X WINDOW system. There is also a Japanese Front-End Processor called Wnn. Nemacs (written by Ken'ichi Handa of ETL) and nepoch at site scslwide.sony.co.jp (133.138.199.1) are Japanese text editors. Some people prefer jstevie. For printing purposes, jTeX (ASCII and NTT versions) and kanjips are useful. Wnn is a Japanese front-end processor which runs under UNIX (a Macintosh version is due out soon). The name Wnn is from the project objective to make a good Kana-to-Kanji conversion program which can convert "Watashino Namae ha Nakano desu" into correct Japanese on the first try. Wnn version 4.0.3 is available at the utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) FTP archive in the fj/ wnn4.0.3 directory. The following article (in English) gives an overview of Wnn: KABA Software Research Group: Overview of GMW+Wnn System, 2nd IEEE Conference on Computer Workstations (1988), pp. 170-177. There is a public domain vi-based editor named JSTEVIE which supports most vi and ex commands, Japanese kanji input, tag stack, etc. It runs mainly on UNIX and MS-DOS systems, and should be easy to port to other platforms. As you can tell from its name, it is based on the STEVIE 3.69 sources by Tony Andrews. Hopefully, these two threads will be merged someday into a single distribution. Features of JSTEVIE include: - Japanese kanji support - works with JIS, EUC, SJIS codes and with most MS-DOS front-end processors - shiftwidth, autowrite, and fepcontrol settings - tag stack (cf. Sun's vi) for returning to previous context after using :ta or ^[ commands - :map, :map!, :ab, :unmap, :unmap!, and :unab are supported - uses TERMCAP file for terminal settings The latest version of JSTEVIE (J1.2) is available by anonymous FTP at site utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.7.250). It is also available at site mindseye.berkely.edu (128.32.232.19) in the pub/kanji directory under the name jstevie.tar.Z. Any questions about JSTEVIE should be sent to its author, Jun Ohta, at ohta%src.ricoh.co.jp@uunet.uu.net. Nemacs (Nihongo Emacs) is a Japanese language editor based on GNU Emacs. It runs under a system in which GNU Emacs runs, and distributed in the form of patches to GNU Emacs or the previous version of Nemacs. Nemacs can handle kanji and kana characters in a buffer, and displays them on the screen. File I/O, interprocess communication, screen display, and keyboard input are all specially designed for handling Japanese character codes: JIS, Shift-JIS, and EUC. TAMAGO supplies the Japanese text environment for Nemacs. TAMAGO requires the kana-to-kanji conversion server Wnn V3.3 or later. The latest version is TAMAGO Ver.3.0.0. TAMAGO enables one to input Japanese characters, and edit Japanese text in a Nemacs buffer. By default, roman characters are used to input kana, and then the kana are converted into kanji, but you can customize TAMAGO to accept direct kana or kanji input. TAMAGO also extends Emacs' text editing functions for fill/justify and search/replace, or adds new ones to fit the Japanese writing system. TAMAGO (means "egg" in Japanese) is an abbreviation of TAKUSAN MATASETE GOMEN NASAI (沢山待たせてごめんなさい), "sorry to have kept you waiting so long." The latest version of Nemacs and TAMAGO is available by anonymous FTP at several sites: clover.ucdavis.edu (128.120.57.1), cs.washington.edu or june.cs.washington.edu (128.95.1.4), sauna.hut.fi (130.233.192.1), russell.stanford.edu (36.9.0.9), mtfuji.gw.u- tokyo.ac.jp (128.167.64.2), utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11), and ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp (131.112.16.39). Any questions or suggestions about nemacs or TAMAGO should be sent to nemacs@etl.go.jp or tamago@etl.go.jp. Kanji printing programs are now available via anonymous ftp from /usr/ masui/ftp at site a.nl.cs.cmu.edu (128.2.250.143). The kit consists of 3 programs: 1) kanjips - converts a PostScript program including JIS Kanji text into normal PostScript text by expanding each Kanji character into a dot pattern; 2) jenscript - convert a plain text including Kanji into a Kanji Postscript file; and 3) mp - convert a mail/news article into a Kanji PostScript file. Kanjips can handle many kinds of Kanji pattern files, such as 1) Pxl/pk files used in JTeX (jisjka24, etc.); 2) X11 bdf files (k14, k24, etc.); 3) GMW pattern files; and 4) Plain dot-matrix pattern files. Sample usage: % jenscript kanjifile | kanjips | lpr -Plw -- prints a Japanese textfile % show | mp | kanjips | lpr -Plw -- prints mail containing Japanese The following is a description of kterm. A new version of kterm is now available from the following anonymous ftp sites: crl.nmsu.edu (128.123.1.14) as pub/misc/kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z; expo.lcs.mit.edu (18.30.0.212) as contrib/ kterm-4.1.2.tar.Z; and kum.kaist.ac.kr (137.68.1.65) as pub/x/kterm- 4.1.2.tar.Z. Version 4.1.2 supports Chinese (GuoBiao (7 && 8-bit), Big5 , and Shift-GuoBiao text), Japanese (EUC, Shift-JIS, and JIS text), Korean (KS C5601-1987 Hangul and n-byte Hangul text), ISO 6429 color text sequences, and X11 Compound Text character set sequences (Not all of the character sets are supported, but the sequences are recognized.) The README file mentions anonymous ftp locations for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Hangul BDF fonts. Please send bug reports, fixes, enhancements, etc. to Mark Leisher at mleisher@nmsu.edu. The following is a description of using Japanese on UNIX written by Frank Sheeran. Some of the material is slightly repeated from above paragraphs, though. There are several pieces of software that allow use of Japanese at various levels under UNIX, if you are using X11 windowing environment. If you are not using X11, you are probably out of luck. In short, X11 allows programs ("clients") on any internet computer to be used much like a MacIntosh or a Windows program, right on your screen, with graphics. Xterm is the standard terminal emulation program. If you know xterm, kterm the same, only it uses JIS fonts. It automatically follows shifts between ASCII and JIS formats, and is fine by itself for reading mail. Many sizes of fonts are available. Since X terminals usually have big screens and high resolution, a 16 point font is fine for general use, if you only want to use one. Kterm also displays Korean and Chinese, if you have the requisite Hangul/Hanzi fonts. Kinput captures input, uses Wnn (like a meat grinder - ASCII in, JIS out) to convert to kanji, then sends the JIS codes on their merry way. Depending on your task, then, your X11 system will need: JIS fonts jtex kterm kinput wnn nemacs/jstevie ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Viewing: yes yes Printing: yes Terminal emulation: yes yes yes yes Editing: yes maybe yes yes IBM/IBM Compatibles (MS-DOS) There is a program which allows any IBM or clone (USA type) to read (but not to send) incoming Japanese text. I have tried it, and it works fairly well. It does require some sort of graphics, the basic necessary being Hercules. To obtain a copy, contact Mr. Seiichi Nomura (b470ssn@utarlvm1). MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) version 2.0 is a Japanese editor written by Mr. Mark Edwards. It allows one to create Japanese text for sending by electronic mail. It can also be used for displaying Japanese text. I recommend it highly for MS-DOS users; the only alternative is EW+, which costs $850.00. MOKE 2.0 costs $49.95 plus $5.00 for shipping and handling (an additional $5.00 for foreign addresses). MOKE 2.0 can be used in conjunction with communication software, such as PROCOMM or Kermit, for sending/receiving Japanese text. MOKE 2.0 can be ordered from the following address (specify either 3.5" or 5.25" disks): KiCompWare Attn: J.J. 1812 N. Erb St. Appleton, WI 54911 In case personal contact with the author is required, his address in Japan is as follows (DO NOT use this address for ordering MOKE 2.0!): Mark Edwards #405 Konya manshon 4-12-6 Gono kami Hamura-cho, Nishitamagun Tokyo 190 JAPAN Phone: (0425)79-3910 Mr. Edwards can also be contacted at 101015.206@compuserve.com. KD (Kanji Driver) is a program written by Mr. Izumi Ohzawa of University of California-Berkeley. He can be contacted at izumi@violet.berkeley.edu. KD is available through anonymous FTP at mindseye.berkeley.edu (128.32.232.19) (in the pub/kanji directory). KD supports both JIS levels (6,355 kanji), and Japanese files may be displayed on-line (one does not have to download a file for viewing off-line). KD is written in Turbo C and runs on all graphic adapters. KD, which comes with dmore, can also be run using the Kermit terminal program. There is also a Japanese terminal program called hterm (version 2.6.0.0), available free for non-military use at FTP site azabu.tkl.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp (130.69.16.7) in the hterm/hterm2.6.0.0 directory. It is a full fledged terminal program that allows one to view Japanese on line on American-made IBM/PC's with EGA or VGA. It emulates VT220. It also contains a program called hemacs, with which one can read Shift-JIS Japanese files up to 800 lines long, and can edit the file a bit (no FEP support, though). It comes in a huge package (500K+), and the source code is available at the same site. I was told that this version may be corrupted, and that version 2.6.0.-2, one which works, is available at terminator.cc.umich.edu (141.211.164.8). The newest arrival for the MS-DOS world is called IBM DOS J4.0/V. It is a Japanese operating system for MS-DOS computers, and is IBM's answer to KanjiTalk for the Macintosh. It is similar to KanjiTalk in that its Japanese fonts are stored in RAM rather than in ROM. This allows non-Japanese MS-DOS machines (i.e., those sold in the US) to implement Japanese. The following are the hardware requirements to run IBM DOS J4.0/V: - AT/PS2 compatible with VGA graphics - 80286 or above CPU - At least 256K of extended memory (NOT expanded memory 'EMS') - Extended keyboard with at least 101 keys - 3.5 inch 1.44MB floppy disk drive The operating system costs 40,000 Yen (the manuals are extra!). I hear that it is available in Japan right now, and that there are plans to market it in the US early in 1991. Note that the Paradise VGA professional and the ProDesignerII VGA cards do not work with this operating system. Shouichi Matsui of the Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry wrote a utility program to print Japanese text from the IBM PC to the HP Laserjet series printers. It uses 24x24 JIS fonts which you can download from the utsun server (133.11.11.11) and comes with C source code. The output is reasonable and fast. This program is available to the public and it will be uploaded to appropriate FTP servers. In the meantime, if you want a copy (not the JIS 24x24 fonts, which are about 500K), send Seiichi Nomura (b460nom@utarlg.uta.edu) or Shouichi Matsui (matsui%denken.or.jp@relay.cs.net) a message and you will get the uuencoded file. MACINTOSH (マッキントッシュ) The Macintosh is probably the best computer you can buy (at least in the US) if you wish to use Japanese in the things you do. NinjaTerm, a public domain Japanese communications program written by Mr. Michiharu Ariza of Adobe Japan, used to be available from sumex- aim.stanford.edu (36.44.0.6) by anonymous FTP. It was recently removed to free up disk space there. I will gladly send a copy to anyone who wants it. NinjaTerm can send and receive text in New-JIS and Old-JIS; it also supports Shift-JIS and EUC for other applications. NinjaTerm requires KanjiTalk version 1.0 or higher (the most current version is 6.0.7). For Macintoshes with TCP/IP, FastPath, GatorBox, etc., NCSA TelnetJ works fine as a Japanese terminal emulator. It is located at the FTP site utsun.s.u- tokyo.ac.jp (133.11.11.11) in the Mac/telnetJ directory. This is the Japanese version of NCSA Telnet. ASLTelnet, from the author of ASLEdit+, also works very well, and can be used for the same purposes. I can send copies by request. KanjiTalk version 6.0.7 can be obtained through APDA (800-282-2732 or APDA@applelink.apple.com) for $70 (plus $20 for one-year membership) in the near future. It will come with 9 disks, and its stock number is M0008J/C. You will need at least 2MB RAM and a hard disk to make this system work properly. Unfortunately, APDA currently sells only KanjiTalk 6.0.4. Note that APDA members are eligible to subscribe to a quarterly journal called "develop," and that each issue of "develop" includes a CD-ROM on which is the most current version of KanjiTalk, namely KanjiTalk 6.0.7. A one-year subscription to "develop" is $30, and sample issues are sold for $10 each. In order to input (create) Japanese text on a Macintosh, you will need to be running Japanese system software, namely KanjiTalk (see above). You will also need a front-end processor (FEP) as well as an editor or word processor. An FEP is the tool which performs the so-called kana-to-kanji conversion, and an editor or word processor is simply the "blackboard" on which you write. Be aware that some blackboards are "smarter" than others -- MicroSoft Word does not handle Japanese properly, but Nisus does extremely well. An FEP called HENKAN 2.1 (2.0 for versions of KanjiTalk before 6.0.7) is included with KanjiTalk. There are other, more powerful, FEP's available, some of which are EGBridge 5.0, TurboJIP 2.0, Wnn, and MacVJE 2.1. I personally use MacVJE 2.1, and find it very powerful and flexible. There is a text editor called miniWRITER 1.7 which handles Japanese remarkably well. It is a DA (Desk Accessory), so it is accessible everywhere on the Macintosh. It handles Japanese beautifully, and is ShareWare ($12.00 fee). It is available through anonymous FTP at the same site as NinjaTerm. You can find it as mini-writer-17.hqx in the info-mac/da directory. There is also another editor called ASLEdit+ 1.0/a12 written by Mr. Hiroo Yamada (76414.372@compuserve.com), but does not have a word wrap feature (it was designed to be an editor for source code). This program can be used as either a DA or application. This is also available at the sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP archive in the info-mac/app directory under the name asledit-plus-10a12.hqx, is FreeWare, and has a very robust search/replace feature. The last text editor I would like to mention is YooEdit 0.95 written by Mr. Yooichi Tagawa. This program is much like ASLEdit+ above (it can be used as either a DA or application), but sports a word wrap feature which works best with Japanese, not English (it splits words randomly at the end of lines). It is FreeWare, and is available at the sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP site (36.44.0.6) in the info-mac/app directory under the name yooedit-095.hqx. If any of these programs are not where I said they are, they can be requested directly from me. There are several Japanese word processors for the Macintosh: マックライ トII-J (MacWriteII-J), EGWord, TurboWriter, MacWord, zeroByWord, ByWord, にば いわーど (2ByWord), and Solo Writer. There are also Japanese DeskTop Publishing programs for the Macintosh: QuarkXPress 2.0J, Aldus PageMaker 3.5J, and EGBook. I use PageMaker 3.5J. There are US sources for these programs. Another Japanese word processor called BlueHawk is due out very soon. It is very cheap (3800 Yen!), and claims to support in-line conversion with any FEP. It will be marketed in Japan by Akiba Pascal, and I know of no US source. A localized Japanese version of Nisus (called Solo Writer) was released in May 1991. Its price in Japan is 68,000 Yen, and in the US is $495.00. Paragon Concepts, who wrote the program (Mercury Software markets it in Japan) tells me that registered users of Nisus can purchase Solo Writer for only $250.00. Educational discounts of $250 are also available for Solo Writer (USA only) as well as site licenses. Paragon Concepts and Mercury Software offer a demo disk for Solo Writer available free for the asking. Paragon Concepts can be reached by phone at 800-922-2993 or by email at d0405@applelink.apple.com for more information. A good source for Japanese-related products for the Macintosh is Qualitas Trading Company (6907 Norfolk Road, Berkeley, CA 94705, 415-848-8080). There is also an outfit called Japanese Language Services (186 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111, PHONE: 617-338-2211, FAX: 617-338-4611) which markets Japanese software for the Macintosh. The Green Signal Factory in San Francisco, California (800-722-7795) also sells Japanese software for the Macintosh. KanjiTalk, of course, includes Japanese fonts. There are two basic types of Japanese fonts: Ming- (明朝) and Gothic- (ゴシック) style. Included in the package are PostScript screen fonts (requires the use of the LaserWriterII NTX-J for PostScript output) and ImageWriterII fonts. The following chart lists the fonts included with KanjiTalk 6.0.7: PostScript Screen: 細明朝体 (Ming), 等幅明朝 (mono-spaced Ming), 中ゴシック体 (Gothic), 等幅ゴシック (mono-spaced Gothic) ImageWriterII: Kyoto (Ming), Osaka (Gothic) Individuals in Japan have also designed their own fonts. All of these are ImageWriterII fonts, and have special characteristics. They are as follows: ASLFont+ (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Monaco, included with ASLEdit+, mono-spaced font) Tokyo (12/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Chicago, no half- size katakana support, meant to be System font using SystemFontINIT) Koshigaya (9/12/18/24-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Geneva, no half-size katakana support, meant to be Application font using SysFontINIT) Yoshinogari (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Geneva) K2! (9/12-point, Japanese is Osaka, English is Chicago, meant to be System and application font by using a utility such as KTCustomizer) I use Tokyo as my System font, Koshigaya as my Application font, and ASLFont+ for most editing purposes. I have placed a file called japan-fonts.hqx on the sumex-aim.stanford.edu FTP site (36.44.0.6) in the info-mac/font directory. It includes the five Japanese fonts mentioned above (ASLFont+, Tokyo, Koshigaya, Yoshinogari, and K2!) along with an INIT called SysFontINIT which requires the use of the Tokyo and Koshigaya fonts. There are also third-party Japanese font vendors. Canon markets high- resolution Japanese fonts in both Ming and Gothic styles, and in a wide variety of sizes ranging from 24- to 56-dots. The Ming style is available in 32-, 40-, 48-, and 56-dot sizes, and the Gothic style is available in 24-, 32-, 40-, 48-, and 56-dot sizes. 24- through 40-dot sizes cost 8,800 Yen each, and 48- through 56-dot sizes costs 9,800 Yen each. Japanese Language Services (address and phone number above) sells the Canon fonts in the US. Dynaware (the maker of MacVJE and MacWord) also markets scalable Japanese fonts (includes both Ming and Gothic fonts) called MacFont which sells for 20,000 Yen. Both of the included fonts are designed to be used with LaserWriter- series laser printers without the Japanese PostScript feature. This means that if you do not have a LaserWriterII NTX-J, and want 300 dpi (dots-per-inch) resolution, these fonts are for you. Ain Technology markets a product called Parametric Font which costs 18,900 Yen ($150 through the Green Signal Factory in San Francisco, California -- phone number listed above). This product offers scalable screen fonts at a reasonable price, and allows the user to adjust their relative weight for both Ming- and Gothic-styles. This product requires the use of the 2 PostScript screen fonts included with KanjiTalk 6.0.7. Adobe Systems Incorporated has just released 3 new Japanese PostScript typefaces: FutoMin (bold Ming), FutoGo (bold Gothic), and Jun (thin-rounded Gothic). They are downloadable, and will cost 99,000 Yen each. DEDICATED JAPANESE WORD PROCESSORS (日本語ワープロ専用機) Many dedicated Japanese word processors are available with built-in modems, built-in communication software, or both. I once used an NEC 文豪ミニ7H (BUNGOU mini7H) with a built-in 1200 baud modem and communication software. I was able to send and receive text only in NEC-JIS, but by using my Japanese code conversion program described in PART 5, I was able to convert incoming codes and to convert outgoing codes to New-JIS with absolutely no difficulty. Other newer dedicated Japanese word processors handle New-JIS and other codes. Some of these machines can be purchased for as little as $500, but only in Japan. Be aware that these machines are not computers, have limited memory capacity, and cannot be serviced in the US. If you only use a computer as a word processor, then one of these machines may be an inexpensive alternative. I will try to include as part of the next version of JAPAN.INF a report on the current state-of-the-art of dedicated Japanese word processors. I am currently gathering the data I need to do so. Anyone with experience with such machines should send me their comments as soon as possible. A FINAL NOTE I hope that the information presented here will prove useful. I would like to keep the electronic version of this article as up-to-date as possible, and through readers' input, I am able to do so. Most readers should notice that I am very heavy into the Macintosh. If anyone has information on Japanese interfaces for UNIX, VMS, or any other machine, please feel free to send me the information, and I will be sure to include it in the next version of JAPAN.INF. Your name, of course, will be mentioned in the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section. Please include sources for the software/documentation by giving addresses, phone numbers, FTP sites (with their IP numbers!), etc. Please do not hesitate to ask me further question concerning any subject presented in this text. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest thanks to Kazumasa Kayo Utashiro of Software Research Associates (SRA) for being my "SENSEI" approximately 2.5 years ago. He taught to me how to send and receive Japanese text using the 7- bit codes. With his help I was able to write this article in order to inform others about what he has taught me plus more. I would also like to express special thanks to Hisao Nojima for introducing me to JUNET News. I read the Japanese articles every day, and have benefitted much from them. I would also like to thank the countless people who carefully read through previous versions of this article in electronic form and offered numerous suggestions on how to improve it. I would personally like to thank Seiichi Nomura, Haruhiko Nishida, Koichi Mori, Rainer Daeschler, Erik M. van der Poel, Ron Granich, Mark Edwards, Peter C. Lind, Masamichi Honda, Masato Hirose, Katsuhiko Momoi, Yukihiko Okada, Hideo Tomita, Ron Hofmann, Richard Walters, Jamie Hubbard, Tomonori Shirakawa, Tatsuya Shoji, Craig Van Degrift, Eric E. Bowles, Jason Molenda, Izumi Ohzawa, Frank Sheeran, Toshiyuki Masui, Theodore Morris, and Shmuel Browns just to name a few. If I missed anyone, please let me know. I continue to receive numerous requests for this information bulletin from all parts of the world... BIBLIOGRAPHY The following publications are very useful references for anyone who is interested in coding methods for Japanese text. All of the references are in Japanese, except for the paper I wrote, so you must have reading ability in order for these to be useful. JIS X 0212-1990 and Kazuo Tajima's book are excellent references for the additional 5,801 kanji made standard in 1990 (Kazuo Tajima was the chairman of the JIS X 0212-1990 committee). I have included two lists. One is romanized, and the other is Japanese. The content of both lists is identical except for my paper. [NOTE: JIS = Japanese Industrial Standards] Romanized/Translated: JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 Code Extension Techniques for Use with the Code for Information Interchange. 1,600 Yen. JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 Code for Information Interchange. 700 Yen. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 Code of the Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange. 3,090 Yen. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 Code of the Supplementary Japanese Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange. 3,296 Yen. Lunde, Ken R. 1990. Using Electronic Mail as a Medium for Foreign Language Study and Instruction. March 1990 issue of CALICO Journal (pp. 68-78). Mori, Hirotake. 1986. PASOKON TSUUSHIN GAIDO BUKKU. HBJ Publishing. 1,236 Yen. Tajima, Kazuo. 1990. SAISHIN JIS KANJI JITEN. Kodansha. 2,300 Yen. Uegaki, Tsutomu. 1987. PASOKON WAAPURO KANJI JITEN. Natsume-sha. 1,860 Yen. Japanese: JIS. 1989. JIS X 0201-1989 『情報交換用符号』. 700円. JIS. 1984. JIS X 0202-1984 『情報交換用符号の拡張法』. 1600円. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0208-1990 『情報交換用漢字符号』. 3090円. JIS. 1990. JIS X 0212-1990 『情報交換用漢字符号―補助漢字』. 3296円. 森 浩孝. 1986. 『パソコン通信ガイドブック』. HBJ Publishing. 1236円. 上柿 力. 1987. 『パソコンワープロ漢字辞典』. ナツメ社. 1860円. 田嶋 一夫. 1990. 『最新JIS漢字辞典』. 講談社社. 2300円. APPENDIX 1: BITNET NODES IN JAPAN NODE-ID routing name of site Network-soft * ===================================================================== JPN JPNSUT00 Japan BITNET Association (JaPan N,JP RSCS JPNAC GWUVM Nat Ctr for Sci Info Systems ,JP UREP 90/04/27 JPNAIST JPNTSUKU Agency Of Industrial Sci & Tech C,JP JES2 90/04/27 JPNAIT01 JPNNUCBA Aichi Institute of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNARUTO JPNNME Naruto Univ of Education ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNCCKU JPNKISCT Kyushu Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNCGU JPNSUT30 Chuo-Gakuin University - Computer,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNCUN10 JPNNUCBA Nanzan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNDENTU JPNSNU10 Osaka Electro-Comm Univ ,JP NETDA 90/06/25 JPNDOKYO JPNWAS00 Dokkyo Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNGUCC JPNRKY00 Gakushuin Univ. ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNHIROA JPNKISCT Hiroshima Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNHUIS JPNHIROA Hiroshima Univ Grad Schl of Info ,JP UREP 90/04/27 JPNICEPP JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo ICEPP ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNISAS0 JPNTAMA0 Inst of Space & Astronautical Sci,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNISM01 JPNSUT00 Inst of Stat Math Stat Data Anal ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNISSP JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo/Inst for Solid St P,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNIUJ01 JPNSWU10 Intl Univ of Japan Niigata ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNJAERI JPNWAS00 Japan Atomic Energy Res Ins ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKBUDS JPNOIT10 Dept of Systems Eng ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKEIO JPNISSP Keio Univ ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKEKTR JPNKEKVM KEK TRISTAN ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKEKVM JPNSUT00 Kou Enerugi Ken, Tsukuba Japan ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKEKVX JPNKEKVM KEK Network ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNKGU01 JPNCUN10 Kinjo Gakuin Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNKISCI JPNKISCT Kyushu Institute of Tech - Iizuka,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKISCM JPNKISCI Kyushu Inst of Tech MVS ,JP JES2 90/04/27 JPNKISCT JPNSUT50 Kyushu Institute of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKIT JPNSUT00 Kanazawa Inst. of Tech. ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKNSU JPNOIT20 Kansai Univ ,JP NJE 90/07/20 JPNKNU10 JPNKISCI Kinki Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNKNZW1 JPNKIT Kanazawa Univ Info Proc Ctr ,JP NJE 90/07/20 JPNKSUVX JPNRINS Kyoto Sangyo University - Faculty,JP JNET 90/06/25 JPNKUDPC JPNKYOTO Kyoto Univ - Data Proc. Ctr. ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNKUHEL JPNKEKTR Kyoto U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNKYOTO JPNOIT10 Kyoto Univ Dept Info Sci ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNMU11 JPNISSP Meiji Univ ,JP JES2 90/04/24 JPNMU21 JPNMU11 Meiji Univ ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNNIHOC JPNWAS00 Nihon U Col of Commerce ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNME JPNSNU10 Natl Museum of Ethol ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNUCBA JPNSUT01 Nagoya Univ of Commerce ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNNUHEP JPNKEKTR Nagoya U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNOCHA1 JPNSWU10 Ochanomizu Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOIT10 JPNSUT00 Osaka Inst of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOIT20 JPNOIT10 Osaka Inst of Tech ,JP NJE 90/06/25 JPNONRI JPNNUCBA Okazaki Nat'l Res Insti ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNORIUT JPNORIXA Ocean Rsrch Inst ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNORIXA JPNSUT00 Ocean Rsrch Inst ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNOSAKA JPNOIT10 Osaka Univ Ed Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNOSKFM JPNKEKTR Osaka U HEPL ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNOUCC JPNHIROA OKAYAMA Univ Comp Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNOUC01 JPNOIT10 OSAKA Univ OF COMMERCE ,JP RSCSV 90/04/27 JPNPNCT1 JPNJAERI PNC Tokai Waste Tech Dev Div GIS ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNRIFP JPNKYOTO Kyoto Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNRINS JPNRIFP Ryukoku Univ RINS Comp Ctr ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNRKNCC JPNRKY00 Inst of Phys & Chem Rsrch Comp Ct,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNRKY00 JPNWAS00 Rikkyo Univ ,JP NETDA 90/04/24 JPNSENDI JPNTOHOK Sendai Jr Coll of Tech ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSNU10 JPNOIT10 Setsunan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSNU20 JPNSNU10 Setsunan Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSOKA JPNSUT00 Soka Univ ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 JPNSUT00 CUNYVMV2 Science U of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT01 JPNSUT00 Science Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT10 JPNSUT00 Science U Tokyo - Japan ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT20 JPNSUT10 Science U Tokyo - Japan Kagurazak,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT3A JPNSUT30 Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT30 JPNSUT00 Science U Tokyo - Japan, Noda ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNSUT31 JPNSUT30 Science U of Tokyo Noda ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNSUT40 JPNSUT00 Science U of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT50 JPNSUT00 Scienc U Tokyo Y J Coll ,JP RSCS 90/05/29 JPNSUT60 JPNSUT00 Science University of Tokyo Suwa ,JP RSCS JPNSWU10 JPNSUT01 Showa Women's Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTAMA0 JPNWAS00 Tamagawa Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTDUK JPNRKY00 Tokyo Denki Univ Kanda ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNTDUS JPNTDUK Tokyo Denki Univ Hatoyama ,JP NETDA 90/04/27 JPNTHKVX JPNTOHOK Tohoku Univ ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNTIU01 JPNWAS00 Tokyo Intern'tl Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTKUVM JPNSUT00 Tokyo Keizai U ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTOHOK JPNSUT00 Tohoku Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTOP JPNTYAVM Toyama Prefectual University - Co,JP NJE 90/07/19 JPNTSCVM JPNSUT01 IBM Tokyo Research ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTSUKU JPNKEKVM Univ of Tsukuba - SIPC ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTSUK1 JPNTSUKU U of Tsukuba - Sci Info Proc. Ctr,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNTSUK2 JPNTSUKU U of Tsukuba - SIPC ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNTYAVM JPNKIT Toyama Univ ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUMIN JPNUTHOS U of Tokyo Hospitalumin ,JP UREP 90/04/24 JPNUNU00 JPNUTHOS United Nations Univ Comp Svcs ,JP RSCS 90/04/27 JPNUOEH JPNKISCT Univ of Occ & Envir Health ,JP JNET 90/04/24 JPNUTDME JPNSUT00 Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUTHOS JPNUTDME Univ of Tokyo ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNUTINS JPNKEKTR Univ of Tokyo - INS ,JP NJE 90/04/24 JPNUTKOM JPNWAS00 Univ of Tokyo Coll of Arts & Sci ,JP RSCS 90/04/24 JPNWAS00 JPNSUT00 Waseda Univ ,JP RSCS 90/06/25 * Network-soft gives you a hint about the machine-type. None-IBM computers need different software to bevave IBM-like in BITNET UREP = UNIX JNET = VAX/VMS JES2 = MVS from IBM (dont't try to talk online with users there. The machine is a batch-specialist and can't talk to anybody outside) RSCS = VM from IBM NJE & NETDA = I hope sombody can tell me!!! APPENDIX 2: JUNET DOMAINS JP domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ ntt Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. nttdata NTT Data Communications Systems Corp. AD domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ jain Japan Academic Inter-University Network juice JUICE Network junet JUNET Network sinet Science Information Network tisn Todai Int'l. Science Network wide WIDE Internet AC domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ aichi-med-u Aichi Medical Univ. aitech Aichi Inst. of Technology akita-u Akita Univ. aoyama Aoyama Gakuin Univ. ashitech Ashikaga Inst. of Technology chiba-u Chiba Univ. chubu Chubu Univ. chukyo-u Chukyo Univ. chuo-u Chuo Univ. ciea Central Inst. of Exp. Animal Pre-Clinical Lab. dendai Tokyo Denki Univ. ehime-u Ehime Univ. esumi-th East Sumiyoshi Technical High School fit Fukuoka Inst. of Technology fukui-u Fukui Univ. fukuoka-edu Fukuoka Univ. of Education fukuoka-u Fukuoka Univ. gifu-u Gifu Univ. gunma-u Gunma Univ. hamamatsu-med Hamamatsu Univ. School of Medicine hamamatsu-pc Hamamatsu Polytechnic College himeji-du Himeji Dokkyo Univ. hiroshima-u Hiroshima Univ. hit-u Hitotsubashi Univ. hokudai Hokkaido Univ. hosei Hosei Univ. ibaraki Ibaraki Univ. ism The Inst. of Statistical Mathematics it-chiba Chiba Inst. of Technology it-hiroshima Hiroshima Institute of Technology kanagawa-u Kanagawa Univ. kanazawa-u Kanazawa Univ. kansai-u Kansai Univ. kawai-juku Kawai Educational Institution keio Keio Univ. kek Nat'l. Lab. for High Energy Physics kindai Kinki Univ. kit Kyoto Inst. of Technology knct Kumamoto Nat'l. College of Technology kobe-u Kobe Univ. kobeuc Kobe Univ. of Commerce kochi-u Kochi Univ. kogakuin Kogakuin Univ. konan-u Konan Univ. kouku-k Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engr. kshosen Kobe Shosen Univ. kumamoto-u Kumamoto Univ. kurume-it Kurume Inst. of Technology kushiro-ct Kushiro Nat'l. College of Technology kwansei Kwansei Gakuin Univ. kyoto-su Kyoto Sangyo Univ. kyoto-u Kyoto Univ. kyusan-u Kyushu Sangyou Univ. kyushu-id Kyushu Inst. of Design kyushu-u Kyushu Univ. kyutech Kyushu Inst. of Technology meiji Meiji Univ. mie-u Mie Univ. minpaku Nat'l. Museum of Ethnology miyazaki-u Miyazaki Univ. musabi Musashino Univ. of Arts nacsis Nat'l. Center for Science Information System nagano Nagano Univ. nagano-nct Nagano Nat'l. College of Technology nagaoka-coltech Nagaoka College of Technology nagaokaut Nagaoka Univ. of Technology nagasaki-u Nagasaki Univ. nagoya-u Nagoya Univ. nanzan-u Nanzan Univ. nao Nat'l. Astronomical Observatory nara-k Nara Nat'l. College of Technology nig Nat'l. Inst. of Genetics nihon-u Nihon Univ. niigata-u Niigata Univ. nijl Nat'l. Inst. of Japanese Literature nitech Nagoya Inst. of Technology oita-u Oita Univ. okayama-u Okayama Univ. osaka-cu Osaka City Univ. osaka-kyoiku Osaka Kyoiku Daigaku osaka-med Osaka Medical College osaka-tech Osaka Inst. of Technology osaka-u Osaka Univ. osakac Osaka Electro-Communication Univ. osakafu-u Univ. of Osaka Prefecture otaru-uc Otaru Univ. of Commerce pu-toyama Toyama Prefectural Univ. rikkyo Rikkyo Univ. ritsumei Ritsumeikan Univ. ryukoku Ryukoku Univ. saga-u Saga Univ. saitama-u Saitama Univ. sanno SANNO College sapmed Sapporo Medical College sasebo Sasebo College of Technology seikei Seikei Univ. seinan-gu Seina Gakuin Univ. sendai-ct Sendai Nat'l. College of Technology senshu-u Senshu Univ. sheart Univ. of the Sacred Heart shinshu-u Shinshu Univ. shizuoka Shizuoka Univ. shudo-u Hiroshima Shudo Univ. sophia Sophia Univ. sut Science Univ. of Tokyo t-gitan Toyama Prefectural College of Technology takushoku-u Takushoku Univ. teu Tokyo Engr. Univ. titech Tokyo Inst. of Technology to-shinkeiken Tokyo Shinkei Research Inst. tohoku Tohoku Univ. tohtech Tohoku Institute of Technology tokushima-u Tokushima Univ. tokuyama Tokuyama Nat'l. College of Technology tosho-u Tokyo Shosen Univ. toyo Toyo Univ. toyota-ti Toyota Technological Inst. tsuda Tsuda College tsukuba Univ. of Tsukuba tuat Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology tut Toyohashi Univ. of Technology u-gakugei Tokyo Gakugei Univ. u-ryukyu University of Ryukyus u-shizuoka-ken Univ. of Shizuoka u-tokai Univ. of Tokai u-tokyo The Univ. of Tokyo uec The Univ. of Electro-Communications uitec Univ. of Ind. Technology ulis Univ. of Library and Information Science utsunomiya-u Utsunomiya Univ. wakayama-th Wakayama Prefectural Ind. High School wakayama-u Wakayama Univ. waseda Waseda Univ. yamagata-u Yamagata Univ. yamaguti-u Yamaguchi Univ. yamanashi Yamanashi Univ. ynu Yokohama Nat'l. Univ. GO domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ aerospace-lab National Aerospace Laboratory bosai Nat'l Research Inst. for Earth Science and Disaster crl Communications Research Lab. etl Electrotechnical Lab. fukui-kg Ind. Technology Center of Fukui Prefecture gsj Geological Survey of Japan idlabh Ind. Development Lab. Hokkaido ipa Information-technology Promotion Agency, Japan ipri Ind. Products Research Inst. jaeri Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst. jnoc Japan Nat'l. Oil Corp., Technology Research Center jrdc Research Development Corp. of Japan jwa Japan Weather Association kiri Mech. and Elect. Research Inst. kmt-iri Kumamoto Ind. Research Inst. mel Mechanical Engr. Lab. nagasaki Nagasaki Prefectural Government nasda Nat'l. Space Development Agency of Japan ncl Nat'l. Chemical Lab. for Ind., AIST, MITI ncvc Nat'l. Cardiovascular Center Research Inst. okakogi Okayama Prefecture Technical Center prit Tokyo Psychiatric Research Inst. riken Inst. of Physical and Chemical Research statci Kagaku Gijutsu Chou Kenkyuu Kouryuu Center tikusi Nat'l. Inst. of Animal Ind. wakayama Wakayama Kenchou ysc Yokohama Science Popularizing Association for Youth OR domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ aegis The Aegis Society astem Astem Research Inst. chemnet CHEMNET Japan denken Central Research Inst. of Electric Power Ind. friend21 Friend 21 Research Center fuzzy Lab. for Int'l. Fuzzy Engr. Research genesys-p Steering Committee of Genesys-P icot Inst. for New Generation Computer Technology ijaic ICOT-JIPDEC AI Center imt-shizuoka Inst. of Mechatronic Technology Foundation jafsa Ship and Ocean Foundation jeida Japan Electronic Industry Development Association jipdec Japan Information Processing Development Center juice JUICE Network (not JUNET) jus Japan UNIX Society kaba Kyoto Artificial Brain Associates kmt-technopolis Kumamoto Technopolis Foundation peccom Sekiyu Sangyou Kasseika Center prug Packet Radio User's Group rinshoken Tokyo Clinical Sciences Research Inst. rtri Railway Tech. Research Inst. sea Software Engineers Association senri-i Senri Int'l. Information Ind. snet SNET stanford-jc Stanford Japan Center tiny Tsukuba Internet Club CO domains: ^^^^^^^^^^ abc-kk ABC Corp. access Access Co., Ltd. adac Advanced Data Controls, Corp. aic Advanced Intelligent Communication System Lab. aichi-steel Aichi Steel Works, Ltd. air AI Language Research Inst., Ltd. airco AIR Co., Ltd. aisoft AI Soft, Inc. allied-telesis Allied Telesis, Inc. allumer Allumer aml Advanced Materials Lab., Inc. analog Analog Devices Corp. anritsu Anritsu Corp. aplix Aplix Corp. apollo-j Apollo Computer Japan apptec Applied Technology Co., Ltd. arc-s Architectural Systems Inc. artstech Arts Tech Inc. asahi Asahi Broadcasting asahi-eng Asahi Engr. asahi-np The Asahi Shimbun Publishing Co., Ltd. asahi-techno Asahi Techno-Computer Corp. asatsu Asatsu, Inc. ascii ASCII Corp. asi Advanced Solutions Inc. asics ASICS asp ASP Corp. asr ASR Corp. astec Astec, Inc. atr Advanced Telecomm. Research Inst. Int'l. att AT&T Unix Pacific Co., Ltd. attjens AT&T Jens Corp. axis AXIS Corp. bootsystems Boot Systems Japan Corp. bridge Bridge Inc. brother Brother Ind. Co., Ltd. bug BUG Inc. bussan-advsys Bussan Advanced Systems Corp. c-creators Computer Creators, Inc. cac Computer Applications Co., Ltd. canon Canon Inc. canon-soft Canon Software Corp. canopus Canopus Electric Co., Ltd. casio Casio cat System House CAT cec Chuo Electric Co., Ltd. cij Computer Inst. of Japan, Ltd. citizen Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. citoh C. Itoh & Co., Ltd. clipper Systems Clipper Inc. convex-j Comvex Computer Ltd. cray Cray Research Japan Ltd. creo-rd Creo R & D Co., Ltd. crosscat Cross Cat Corp. csk CSK Corp. daikin Daikin Ind. Co. datacontrol Data Control Ltd. dcl Yokogawa Digital Computer Corp. dec-j Digital Equipment Corp. Japan densan Densan Corp. diaconsult Dia Consultants Co., Ltd. digital Digital dit Dit Co., Ltd. dnp Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. edr Japan Electronic Dictionary Research Inst., Ltd. epson Seiko Epson eric Eric foretune Foretune Co., Ltd fuji-ric Fuji Research Institute Corp. fujidenki Fuji Electric Corporate R & D, Ltd. fujifilm Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. fujita Fujita Corp. fujitsu Fujitsu Ltd. fujixerox Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. furukawa Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. furuno Furuno Electric Co., Ltd. gctech Graphics Communication Technologies R & D Dept. global Global Science Co., Ltd. goldcoast Gold Coast Productions Co., Ltd. goldman Goldman Sacks hallab HAL Lab., Inc. hankyu Hankyu Dentetsu Corp. hexard Hexard Inc. hitachi Hitachi, Ltd. hitachi-chem Hitachi Chemical Ind. Corp. hitachi-hipro Hitachi Process Computer Engr., Inc. hitachi-sk Hitachi Software Engr. Corp. hitachi-system Hitachi System Engineering, Ltd. horiba Horiba Seisaku hst Hirata Software Technology Co., Ltd. hudson Hudson Co., Ltd. hyperware Hyperware Corp. ibix IBIX Co., Ltd. ibm IBM Japan, Ltd. icat ICAT Corp. icfd Inst. of Computational Fluid Dynamics icm ICM Co., Ltd. ihi Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., Ltd. image-f Computer Art Form Image Factory imagica Imagica Corp. imslab Information and Mathematical Science Lab., Inc. intec Intec Inc. intel-j Intel Japan Corp. intelligent-systems Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd. isac Int'l. Sekisu AI Corp. isid Information Services Int'l. - Dentsu, Ltd. iwanami Iwanami Shoten, Publishers jal-cs JAL Jouhou Kaihatsu jba Japan Business Automation Co., Ltd. jcc Japan Computer Corp. jepro JEPRO Co., Ltd. jip Japan Information Processing Service Co., Ltd. jmas JMA Systems Corp. jsd Joint System Development Corp. jusoft Nippon Unisoft Corp. just Just System jvc-victor Japan Victor Corp. kajima Kajima Corp. kao Kao kawaju Kawasaki Heavy Ind. Corp. kawasaki-steel Kawasaki Steel Co. kcc-comp-consul Kinki Computer Consultant, Inc. kcs KCS Corp. kcs-soft KCS Soft Corp. kddlabs KDD Lab. kepco The Kansai Electric Power Co., Ltd. ker Kinryo Engr. kke Kozo Keikaku Engr. Inc. knowledge Knowledge Co., Ltd. kobelco Kobe Steel, Ltd. kokusai-kogyo Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. komatsu Komatsu Ltd. kpress Kabushiki Shinbun, Inc. kthree Kanri Kogaku Kenkyusho, Ltd. kubota Kubota Ltd. kyocera Kyocera Corp. kysa Kyoto Software Application Inc. lifeboat Lifeboat, Ltd. lsi-j LSI Japan Co., Ltd. m-kasei Mitsubishi Kasei macro Macro Engr. maspro Maspro Denko Corp. mbrain Max Brain mei Matsushita Electric Ind. Co., Ltd. meidensha Meidensha Corp. meitec Meitec Corp. melco Mitsubishi Electric Corp. mhi Mitsubishi Heavy Ind., Ltd. microcad Micro CAD Inc. mignon Mignon Systems, Inc. mipec Mitsui Petrochemical Ind., Ltd. misystems M.I. Systems mita Mita Ind. Co., Ltd. mitsui-knowledge Mitsui Knowledge Ind. Co., Ltd mocoil Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd. mogami-wire Mogami Wire & Cable Co. mot-j Nippon Motorola, Ltd. mri Mitsubishi Research Inst., Inc. msassoc Micro Software Associates Co., Ltd. msi Mathematical Systems, Inc. msr Mitsuizosen Systems Research n-denso Nihon Denso Corp. nakasha Nakasha Curieitebu Co., Ltd. ncd NCD Japan, Inc. ndg Nihon Data General ndr NDR Co., Ltd. nec NEC Corp. nesco Nichimen Electronic Systems Co. netone NetOne Systems Co., Ltd. next Next Foundation Co., Ltd. nichigai Nichigai Associates, Inc. nichimen-nds Nichimen Data Syatems Corp. nihonmusen Nihon Musen Corp. nikon Nikon Corp. nintendo Nintendo Co., Ltd. nippon-computer-system Nippon Computer Systems Co., Ltd. nishitsuu System Nishitsu nissan Nissan Jidousha nissho-ele Nissho Electronics Corp. nissin NISSIN Electric Co., Ltd. nk-exa NK-EXA Co., Ltd. nkk NKK Corp. nmcc Nihon Micom Hanbai nova Nova Corp. nri Nomura Research Inst., Ltd. ns-ace Nakano Software Ace nsc Nippon Steel Corp. nss Nisshin Systems nssys Nihon Sogo System ntec NTT Gijutsu Iten nts Nippon Timeshare Co., Ltd. ntt-itn NTT Internet Co., Ltd. ntts NTT Software oki Oki Electric Ind. Co., Ltd. okit Okit Corp. omnis Omnis, Inc. omron Omron Corp. omronsoft Omron Software Co., Ltd. osakagas Osaka Gas Co. paltec Paltec Corp. pentel Pentel Co., Ltd. peri Protein Engr. Research Inst. personal-media Personal Media Corp. profile Profile Co. Ltd. prompt Prompt Corp. publinix Publinix Corp. recruit Inst. for Supercomputing Research, Recruit ricoh Ricoh Co., Ltd. rics Research Inst. for Computer Science, Inc. rikei Rikei Corp. roland Roland Corp. sanei Sanei Co. sanwa-ss Sanwa Seisakusho sanyo Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. sc-htc SC Hitech Center scr SCR Corp. screen Dainippon Screen Seizou seaside Seaside Software Inc. secom Secom Intelligent Systems Lab. sekisui Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. sgi Nihon Silicon Graphics, Inc. sharp Sharp Corp. shimz Shimizu Corp. shinko-elec Sinko Electric Corp. shionogi Shionogi & Co., Ltd. sibasoku Shibasoku Corp. sigma Sigma Systems Corp. softbank Softbank Corp. soliton Soliton Systems Corp. sony Sony Corp. sonytek Sony Tektro sord Sord Computer Corp. soum Soum Corp. spec System Planning and Engr. Corp. squid-tech Superconducting Sensor Lab. sra Software Research Associates, Inc. ssk Nippon System Services Co., Ltd. sstech SS Technology Co., Ltd. stanley Stanley Electric Co., Ltd. stepone Stepone Corp. strategic Strategic Research Inst. studiogen StudioGEN, Inc. sumiden Sumitomo Electric Ind., Ltd. sumikin Sumitomo Metal Ind., Ltd. japan.sun.com Sun Microsystems Inc., Japan sunjapan SunJapan Co., Ltd. suri Surigiken Corp. swire Swire Transtech, Ltd. symbolics Nihon Symbolics Corp. sysplan Sysplan, Inc. system-keikaku Research Inst. of Systems Planning systemsoft Systemsoft Corp. taisei Taisei Corp. takaoka-electric Takaoka Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd. tbs Tokyo Broadcasting Systems, Inc. tds Tokyo Denshi Sekkei Co., Ltd. technonet Technonet, Inc. teijin Teijin telema Telematique Int'l. Research Lab. tepco Tokyo Electric Power Corp. teradata-j Teradata Japan Ltd. tis Toyo Information Systems Co., Ltd. tmr Technical Marketing Research, Inc. tms Toppan Moore Systems, Ltd. togra Tokyo Graphic Arts tokimec Tokimec, Inc. tokyo-gas Tokyo Gas, Ltd. tokyo-shoseki-ptg Tokyo Shoseki Printing Co., Ltd. tokyoelectron Tokyo Electron Co. toppan Toppan Printing Co. Ltd. toshiba Toshiba Corp. total Total Systems Inst. Co., Ltd. totsu Totsu Sangyou Corp. toyo-eng Toyo Engr. Corp. toyo-stl Toyo Stainless Corp. toyodenki Toyo Denki Seizo Corp. toyota Toyota Motor Corp. tradtech Trad Technologies Corp. tsi Toden Software, Inc. twics TWICS tytlabs Toyota Central R & D Lab., Inc. uclosk Universal Computer Lab. Corp. ulvac Ulvac Corporate Center unipress Unipress Software Japan, Inc. unisol Unisolu Co., Ltd. unisys Nihon Unisys, Ltd. uniuni Unisys, Union Systems Co., Ltd. wacom Wacom Co. Ltd. windriver Wind River Systems Corp. word-house Word House yamaha Yamaha Corp. yaskawa Yaskawa Electric Mfg. Co., Ltd. yhp Yokogawa Hewlett Packard Computer Operation ykk Yoshida Kogyo Corp. yokogawa Yokogawa Electric Corp. zuken Zuken Corp. APPENDIX 3: JUNET NEWS NEWSGROUPS fj.ai Artificial intelligence discussions fj.announce General announcements of interest to all (Moderated) fj.binaries.mac Encoded Macintosh programs in binary fj.binaries.misc Encoded programs in binary not covered elsewhere fj.binaries.msdos Encoded MS-DOS programs in binary (Moderated) fj.binaries.msdos.d Topics on softwares posted to fj.binary.msdos fj.books Books of all genres, shapes, and sizes fj.comp.arch Computer architecture fj.comp.comm Discussion about software & hardware for communications fj.comp.image Computer graphics, art, animation, image processing fj.comp.misc General topics about computers not covered elsewhere fj.comp.music Topics about computers and music fj.comp.oops Object Oriented Programming, System, etc fj.comp.parallel Discussion about parallel computing fj.comp.printers Printers, hardware & software fj.comp.texhax Discussion about TeXhax and delivery of mailing list fj.comp.text Text processing issues and methods fj.editor.emacs EMACS editors of different flavors fj.editor.misc Talk about editors fj.editor.sse Discussion about SSE (Simple Screen Editor) fj.followup Followups to articles in fj.general fj.forsale Short, tasteful postings about items for sale fj.general *Important* and timely announcements of interest to all fj.guide.admin Junet guide for administrators (Moderated) fj.guide.general Junet guide. Rules, Convention, etc (Moderated) fj.guide.newusers Explanatory postings for new users (Moderated) fj.info-terms All sorts of terminals fj.jokes Joke and humor fj.junet General discussion about JUNET itself fj.jus Information about JUS fj.kanakan.misc Discussion about kana-kanji henkan fj.kanakan.wnn Discussion about Wnn kana-kanji henkan system fj.kanji Discussion about Kanji fj.kermit Discussion about kermit package fj.lan Local area network hardware and software fj.lang.ada Discussion about Ada* fj.lang.c Discussion about C fj.lang.forth Discussion about Forth fj.lang.lisp Discussion about LISP fj.lang.misc Different computer languages not specifically listed fj.lang.mod2 Discussion about Modula-2 fj.lang.postscript PostScript language and related topics fj.lang.prolog Discussion about PROLOG fj.lang.st80 Discussion about Smalltalk 80 fj.lectures Informative talks given to the news readers fj.living Discussions about various things in daily life fj.mail Proposed new mail/network standards fj.mail-lists.apollo Apollo workstation mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.common-lisp Common lisp mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.connectionist Connectionist mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.info-japan Info-japan mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.nihongo Nihongo mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.occam Occam mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.parallel comp.parallel mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.reduce Reduce mailing list (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.types Types mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.mail-lists.x-window X window mailing list from ARPA (Moderated) fj.meetings announce for conference, workshop, etc (Not-moderated) fj.misc Various discussions that there are no groups to match fj.net-people Announcements, requests, etc. about people on the net fj.news.adm Comments directed to news administrators fj.news.b Discussion about B news software fj.news.config Postings of system down times and configuration change fj.news.group Discussions and lists of newsgroups fj.news.lists News-related statistics and lists fj.news.map Various maps, including UUCP maps fj.news.misc Discussions of network news on JUNET itself fj.news.newsite Postings of new site announcements fj.news.sa Comments directed to system administrators fj.os.minix Discussion about the MINIX operating system fj.os.misc Discussion about operating systems not covered elsewhere fj.os.msdos Discussion about the MSDOS operating system fj.os.os9 Discussion about the OS9 operating system fj.papers Papers of all genres fj.ptt Information about PTT fj.questions.junet Questions especially about JUNET fj.questions.misc Questions about miscellaneous subjects fj.questions.unix Questions especially about UNIX fj.rec.aerospace About aviation, airplanes, airsports, etc. fj.rec.animation Discussion about animated movies fj.rec.autos Automobiles, automotive products and laws fj.rec.av High fidelity audio and video components fj.rec.baseball Discussion about baseball fj.rec.bikes Motorcycles and Bicycles, related products and laws fj.rec.comics The funnies, old and new fj.rec.food Food, wine, spirits, cooking, cookbooks, and recipes fj.rec.games Discussion about games and computer games fj.rec.games.scores Personal best scores of games and computer games fj.rec.ham topics about ham radio fj.rec.idol General topics about idol fj.rec.marine Marine recreation. Diving, swimming, yachting, etc. fj.rec.misc Recreational/participant topics not covered elsewhere fj.rec.movies Reviews and discussions of movies fj.rec.music Discussion about music fj.rec.music.classical Talk around classical music fj.rec.music.progressive Talk around progressive rock fj.rec.mystery Talk about mystery fj.rec.photo Topics about cameras and photographs fj.rec.rail Discussion about railway & railroad fj.rec.sf Discussion about science fiction fj.rec.sports Topics about sports fj.rec.sports.football Talk around footballs fj.rec.sports.keiba About horseracing fj.rec.sports.prowrestling About prowrestling fj.rec.sports.ski About skiing fj.rec.travel Traveling all over the world fj.rec.tv Talk about television and its shows fj.sci.astro Discussion about stars, planets and comets fj.sci.lang Natural languages, communication, etc fj.sci.math Mathematical discussions and pursuits fj.sci.misc Discussions about sciences not covered elsewhere fj.soc.culture Group about (japanese?) culture fj.soc.law Topics on Law and rights fj.soc.men-women Fairness, Rights, etc. Between women and men fj.soc.misc Socially-oriented topics not covered elsewhere fj.soc.tech Topics on society and technology fj.sources For the posting of software packages & documentation fj.sources.d For any discussion of source postings fj.sources.mac Software for the Apple Macintosh fj.std Discussion about various standards fj.sys.famicom Discussion about Nintendo's Family Computer fj.sys.j3100 Discussion about TOSHIBA's J3100-family computers fj.sys.mac Discussion about the Apple Macintosh & Lisa fj.sys.misc Discussion about computers of all other kinds fj.sys.news Discussion about SONY NEWS workstation fj.sys.next NeXT workstation and related topics fj.sys.pc98 Discussion about NEC's PC-9800 & other computers fj.sys.sun Discussion about SUN workstation fj.sys.x68000 Discussion about Sharp's X-68000 & other computers fj.test Testing all over JUNET. Very boring fj.unix UNIX neophytes group fj.unix.wizards Discussions, bug reports, and fixes on and for UNIX fj.wanted Requests for things that are needed fj.windows.gmw GMW window systems fj.windows.misc Miscellaneous window systems fj.windows.x About X window systems